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Some of the price disparity may be attributed to local factors, including distance to the producing centres (Netherlands and Belgium), but statistical artefacts (e.g. small sample sizes) may also be a factor. Individual factors and sex affect this dose, with women considered to be more susceptible to the 5-HT-releasing effects of MDMA (Liechti et al., 2001). Harm reduction responses, including the provision of drug-checking services and appropriate risk-communication strategies, are crucial to minimise these risks. This is consistent with law enforcement information that suggests the MDMA market in Europe is supplied by the same pool of producers, mostly based in the Netherlands and Belgium. It should be noted that this trend was observed across several countries in Europ


Despite this, on average, only a minority of EWSD respondents reported obtaining the drug online, although this varied widely across countries. MDMA is one of the most frequently traded drugs online across a range of platforms, including darknet markets (see Section Trafficking and distribution — online trade and distribution on darknet markets) as well as surface web and social media platforms. Some substances found in these drugs can be toxic, even at low doses and even pure MDMA can be dangerous. For example, many people who use drugs recreationally access internet-based resources to obtain and exchange advice and information about their drugs of choice, with experienced ‘recreational’ drug users frequently offering experiential ‘knowledge’ to young people new to dance club scenes. Despite their image as risk-taking hedonists, people who use drugs recreationally do seek out and share harm reduction strategies, often alongside ‘pleasure maximisation’ strategies (the latter often requiring considerable knowledge of drug research, policy and practice). Given the right information and opportunities, most people who use drugs will make rational risk-management decisions when they do so.
Harms and ris

Key neurotransmitters affected by MDMA include serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. MDMA influences the activity of neurotransmitters—chemical messengers responsible for transmitting signals in the brain. Primarily, it depends on the individual’s metabolism, the amount of MDMA taken, frequency of use, and the user’s overall health.


In a study commissioned for this analysis, wastewater estimates were found to give different results, either higher or lower, than demand-based estimates, depending on the drug concerned. In these cases, the missing information was replaced with the mean, computed on the remaining countries. In calculating the amounts used, it was assumed that the maximum realistic amount to use in a day was five tablets; those reporting higher values were excluded. The amount of MDMA used annually by these two different user mdma for sale online groups was estimated using data from the EWSD.
Wastewater-based methods
Although often used interchangeably, ecstasy and MDMA are not necessarily synonyms. Additionally, particularly with instant messaging applications, transactions may be organised online, but completed using in-person pick-up or ‘dead-drop’ delivery. This appears to be supported by existing studies that indicate that MDMA is bought online mostly by retail distributors for the purpose of re-sale rather than purchased directly by retail clients (Aldridge and Décary-Hétu, 2016; Gremeaux, 2022). Data collected from individuals submitting MDMA samples to drug-checking services between 2019 and 2022 appear to support these findings from the EWSD.
Increased ener


Prevalence rates of the number of MDMA users, obtained from general population surveys, are multiplied by 2021 Eurostat population data of the age group. While the number of tablets used per session has not changed substantially from literature findings dating from several decades ago, today’s MDMA users generally ingest higher quantities of the psychoactive substance than before (Gremeaux, 2022). Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between 2013 and 2023. Prevalence data presented here are based mdma for sale online on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu.
MDMA rarely cited as a reason for entering drug treatment in Europe
Consumers in the Netherlands will typically pay EUR 4.50 per tablet but, as stated above, prices may reach as high as EUR 19 mdma for sale online per tablet in some European countries, and more in other regions of the world. According to Dutch Police, these tablets are sold to distributors at EUR 0.59 per unit (2022 values), who in turn re-sell them at EUR 1.78 each (for quantities above 99 tablets). The subsequent drop in MDMA content in tablets since 2019 does not appear to have been accompanied by a significant drop in price. In 2021, adult respondents to the EWSD reported paying a median of EUR 7.20 per ecstasy tablet and a median of EUR 37.40 per gram for MDMA powder. (a) In clinical trials, doses of MDMA capable of producing subjective effects vary from 1.5 to 1.7 mg/kg of body weight, or approximately 105 to 119 milligrams for a 70-kilogram individual.
Reporting countries
Rates of adulteration of ecstasy tablets, their MDMA content and their price tend to reflect broader changes in the factors that affect the MDMA market. MDMA is most commonly found on the European market in the form of ecstasy tablets, relatively pure crystals or powders (finely ground crystals of MDMA that are typically mixed with other substances). "Party Drugs" is a term used to describe a range of illegal drugs sold as tablets ("pills") or capsules ("caps"